Education in Colonial America

Dickson A. Mungazi, author of The Evolution of Educational Theory in the United States, placed a vast amount of weight on the importance of education. He claimed, "There is no better way to understand a society's assessment of its own success or failure than an examination of its theories of education."

For colonial America, this sentiment regarding education took some time to establish itself. Schools began remarkably informally and the scope of intellectual curiosity remained quite narrow. Throughout the 17th century and for much of the 18th century, American schooling focused nearly exclusively on Christianity and the Scriptures, something that can be greatly attributed to the Great Awakening of the 1740s. As R.C. Simmons writes, the "ideal graduate was someone like Jonathan Edwards - clergyman, theologian and minor philosopher."

But as new intellectual ideas and theories came across the Atlantic alongside the vast amount of immigrants, many of whom were well-educated, education and schooling began to drastically alter. Certainly, it remained connected with the church, but under the influence of men like Nathaniel Bacon and Benjamin Franklin, schooling began to expand in its goals.

An examination of the foundations of American schools and philosophies on education provides one with an incredible background when examining education today. Moreover, and perhaps most importantly, it offers us a glimpse into the principles upon which America was founded. If one agrees with professor Mungazi, education truly does speak volumes about a culture and society as a whole.

Show More

Engage

Click thumbnails below to view links

Online

Become a fan of Intellectual Takeout on Facebook!
Share Intellectual Takeout with friends, family, and colleagues on Facebook and Twitter!
At Intellectual Takeout, we think it's about time freedom went viral. Before our generation is the opportunity to embrace freedom, to unleash each individual's potential, and to have a prosperous future. And yet it seems that almost everyone running our cities, states, and federal government is intent on destroying freedom and burying us in debt to pay for it. If you, like us, believe that...
Education history in America is important to know. ITO traces how education has changed from the colonial period to present day America.
While many documentaries on the education system focus on various examples of failure, "Flunked" takes a bit different tack. While certainly acknowledging and exposing the failures of the system, "Flunked" also seeks out individuals and approaches that ARE working in education. The hope is that these points of hope may serve as examples for others working in education.  Here's the trailer:...
In the genre of documentaries revealing the problems with public education, "Kids Aren't Cars" focuses on helping us understand how schools are modeled after a factory system and what we need to do to change them. Understandably, treating kids as if they are a product to be manufactured has had detrimental effects on children going through the system and the overall level of education in America...
"Many parents and taxpayers feel helpless because the problems can seem so monumental. 'Kids Aren't Cars' director Kyle Olson reviews what he learned in the filmmaking process and the small things individuals can do that will add up to make a big difference." Here's Kyle being interviewed on a few things you can do and share with friends, family, and educators: Part 1Part 2
Okay, so your friends and family keep telling you to jump on the social media bandwagon, but you have no idea what the fuzz is about. Here’s the deal: The Internet gives liberty-loving folk like us an opportunity we have never had before: to make the case for individual liberty, limited government and free market economics instantly and globally. But with the vast amounts of information...

Offline

Are you concerned your child isn't getting the education necessary to compete in the global economy or even, perhaps, to carry on the lessons and learning of Western Civilization? If so, you have a number of choices. You could, of course, consider changing schools to a charter school, private school, or even homeschooling. If that's overwhelming for you right now, you can always supplement your...
Curiously, not a few individuals are realizing that their education (K-12 and even college) neglected to provide them with as much understanding of the world as they would like. At Intellectual Takeout, we believe that however you feel about your education, there is still much to be learned. To that end, we'd like to refer you to one book and a collection of "study guides" that serve as...
Sure, the idea of homeschooling is likely overwhelming. Indeed, homeschooling is a big commitment and a lot of work. That said, there's a reason why more and more parents are turning to homeschooling as the best option for their child(ren)'s education(s). Perhaps you are starting to realize that the public school system has changed a lot since you last attended it. Maybe you can't afford private...
Let's face it, most of us love to watch TV and movies. A wonderful way to spread ideas is to embrace our love of the cinema by hosting a movie night with friends and family.  There are numerous documentaries that do a fantastic job of sharing the ideas of liberty. You can pull a small group of friends together at your house or even consider asking a local restaurant or tavern to let you...
While there are a variety of really good documentaries about the failing public school systems in America, "The Cartel" stands alone in its frontal assault on the teacher unions, particularly those in New Jersey. If you'd like to get an inside look into how some teacher unions operate and the effects they have on education, you'll want to watch "The Cartel."From the movie's website: "This movie...
Another movie that tells the story of the failing public school model in the United States is “The Lottery”. It takes its own unique look at the systems by focusing on the use of lotteries to choose which children will be plucked from failing public schools and put into more successful public charter schools. Here’s the trailer:  You can watch the whole movie right now with the help of Hulu...
Watch "Waiting for Superman" to learn about the problems with the public education system.
Looking for an internship? If so, Intellectual Takeout has an opportunity for you. We have plenty of work to do as well as ideas to spread, and we need your help to get it done. If you're interested in an internship with Intellectual Takeout, you likely share our passion and you're excited about the possibility of working for a great cause. That said, you might have a few questions about what "...
How often do you hear conservatives being called a bunch of knuckle-dragging Neanderthals? Here's the reality: Conservatism, classical liberalism, and libertarianism have a rich, intellectual heritage reaching back many millennia. Our ideas are not just some historical relics from bygone eras; they are the very foundation of Western Civilization in general, amd the United States in particular....
Sadly (or happily for some), life goes on after college. So does the fight for freedom. Building friendships, networking, and growing the movement is critical after college. If our ideas are to be preserved and promoted, you need to stay involved. Plus, in a time when the individual seems to be ever more isolated and adrift, these groups can help plug you into social networks you can use....
Okay, so we don't expect you to drive a wooden stake into your flat screen. Plus, we're total hypocrites since we watch some TV. But here's the point: People waste a ton of time watching TV. If you're cool with government taking over your future, than keep watching Dancing with the Stars. If you consider yourself to be a free man or woman and want to live in a free society, then watch what you...
A great way to make a difference on your campus by spreading the ideas of individual rights, limited government, and free markets is to tutor. Plus, you can occasionally make a little bit of money. Depending on the subject matter, you will be discussing a variety of ideas, key thinkers, and theories. As anyone who has tutored knows, there are almost always opportunities to expand upon a topic....
In a highly regulated society such as ours, it's very easy to get yourself in trouble with the law. Learn more about how to protect yourself with the 5th Amendment and how to interact with the police.
The Association of American Educators (AAE) advances the teaching profession through personal growth, professional development, teacher advocacy and protection, as well as promoting excellence in education so that our members receive the respect, recognition and reward they deserve.

On Campus

Now that you're at college and the initial excitement has worn off, maybe you're thinking that the course selection is a bit biased and you'd like some options. So how do you (the consumer) get the college (the business) to change up its offerings? It certainly won't be easy. Nevertheless it's something that should be done--particularly since you're footing the bill. A good, education in a free...
Whatever activism you choose to do on campus, you need to get your story out. A popular tactic used by the Left is to isolate and intimidate freedom-loving students. You're not alone and there are a lot of people in your city, state, and country that can probably support your efforts. They just need to know what is happening. Whenever you can, record in-class bias, discrimination against...
The reality is that most students (and people for that matter) won't speak out. It's called human nature and it was recognized in the Declaration of Independence: "...all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed." While you might feel alone when debating a teacher,...
If you're not happy with the direction of the country and you want to take back your future, at some point you will have to do something. It's not enough to just know that we're going in the wrong direction. You actually have to step out and get involved. Most college campuses have conservative and libertarian student groups. Find one of them to join. Below is a list of some of the larger non-...
When it comes to campus life injustices, student fees rank high on any list. On most campuses across the country a mandatory student fee is assessed to each student at the beginning of the year. A portion of this fee, which may be several hundred dollars, will go toward funding various political, religious, and interest groups.  A college requiring you to support groups espousing ideas which...
In the land of the free and the home of the brave, speech codes are a particularly odious example of politically correct repression on many a college campus. In some ways, college campuses are the least free places for thinking and speech in America. Your best friend for fighting your school's repressive speech codes is the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). Here's a short clip...
Running for office isn't easy, even in college. Not everyone is cut out for it, either. For those of you who are, this completely non-partisan section is for you. If you are inclined to pursue student government, we're not going to spend time on telling you how to get elected. A good place to go for ideas and training is CampusReform.org. Rather, we want to help you in office, as a believer in...
We've built Intellectual Takeout to provide you with quick, easy access to information. In time, we hope to become your one-stop-shop for the ideas of freedom. If your professor allows you to bring your laptop to class (if not, you can use an iPhone), we recommend keeping a tab open to Intellectual Takeout. As we continue to generate new content on the site, you will be able to fact check the...

More About This Topic...

Click thumbnails below to view links

Quote Page

Commentary or Blog Post

Here is a bit of investigation of the first compulsory education laws in America.  Interestingly, the colonial sense of "compulsory" was far different, as were their motivations in creating such education.

"One of the main objections people have to getting government out of the education business and turning it over to the free market is that 'it simply would not get the job done.' This type of thinking is due, in large measure, to what one historian called 'a parochialism in time,' i.e., a limited view of an issue for lack of historical perspective. Having served the twelve-year sentence in...

This site presents a concise and valuable history of the significant difference in education between the southern and northern colonies, including the factors that shaped each side.  The article foreshadows the ever-growing tension between the North and South that would occur throughout colonial times and into the founding of America.

Video/Podcast/Media

The above video links the reforms of Horace Mann to the Prussian education system.

"This ultra short documentary explains the history of compulsory schooling and advocates choice in education. It starts 200 years back with Prussian absolutism. There, under the regime of a dictatorship, compulsory schooling was invented and implemented on a massive scale. It continues to show how...

Primary Document

"In 1743, sixteen years after he had formed the Junto in Philadelphia for weekly meetings of learned conversation, and twelve years after instituting the first lending library in the colonies, Benjamin Franklin envisioned a colonies-wide society for the discussion and promotion of...

Mather was an influential figure in colonial America. Delivered at the funeral of one his own teachers, Mather makes a clear case that for a religiously oriented society such as the Puritans, education is of the utmost importance if the values of the parents are to be transferred to future generations. A key part of education for Mather would be the teaching of Bible stories to children,...

Watts' Divine and Moral Songs for Children is an example of the Christian-based education which many children in colonial America received. The preface is below, followed by the text of the collection.

"Preface

To All That Are Concerned In The Education Of...

Franklin lays out his proposal for a school that will instruct youth in "History, Rhetoric, Logic, Moral and Natural Philosophy" and other topics, such as Mathematics and Geography, in order to be fully prepared to learn, "Business, Calling or Profession, except such wherein Languages are required." Once...

These two series of laws at Harvard exhibit the change in the pursuits of higher education. Harvard, being the first institution of higher education in America, commenced with a relatively rudimentary goal but soon began to evolve into the Harvard we know today.

"A general Dissolution of Principles & Manners will more surely overthrow the Liberties of America than the whole Force of the common Enemy. While the People are virtuous they cannot be subdued; but when once they lose their Virtue, they will be ready to surrender their Liberties to the first external or internal Invader. How necessary then is it for those who...

Following the Law of 1642, this act, also known as the Massachusetts School Law of 1647, established the tradition of more formal schooling within each town. Although often times neglected, it required towns to publicly form and fund elementary schools.

"At, and nearly at the commencement of these lectures, a sense of duty obliged me to enter into a controversial discussion concerning the rights of society: the same sense of duty now obliges me to enter into a similar discussion concerning the rights of the constituent parts of society—concerning the rights of men. To enter upon a discussion of this nature,...

"Another defect in our schools, which, since the revolution, is become inexcuseable, is the want of proper books. The collections which are now used consist of essays that respect foreign and ancient nations. The minds of youth are perpetually led to the history of Greece and Rome or to Great Britain; boys are constantly repeating the declamations of Demosthenes...

This document provides several thoughts from Benjamin Franklin on the type of education needed in the early colonial days. Among Franklin's lengthy list of educational ideas is the notion that America's children should be properly...

"Dock's philosophy of education provides an interesting comparison to Cotton Mather's thought. Although both set forth and operate within a Christian vision of education's purposes, they employ different methods to reach those goals. Dock emphasizes the need to inspire and direct a child's desires through love rather than rigid discipline. He also realized that different children required...

Franklin, who perhaps epitomizes the colonial American learned man, recounts a dream he had about Harvard.  And, being that it is Benjamin Franklin, his dream of course was a "lively representation of Harvard."

"John Cotton's Milk for Babes (also known as Spiritual Milk for Babes), a beginning catechism for children and young Christians, was first published in the 1640s and remained in print continuously for over 200 years. In a series of 64 questions and answers, it rehearses sin and the law, the Ten Commandments, the role of the Church, the nature of grace, the covenant, salvation...

Although a rather long and wordy charter, this provides a good example of the foundations of the first American colleges. Dartmouth, along with Harvard, The College of New Jersey (later known as Yale), and several other of the Ivy League schools as they came to be called, set the tone for the structure of higher education in America.

Williams, master of the highly esteemed colonial school, lays out the format and structure of the Boston Latin Grammar School. One of the first true preparatory schools, Williams' school did much to prepare its students for the collegiate level.

Mather, a harsh and strict teacher, took the traditional colonial outlook on education as a means of saving children from the temptations of evil and guide them toward the Christian life. He strongly encourages the formation of town schools to save men from a "degenerate and contemptible condition."

This was the first of a series of "schooling" laws established in Massachusetts. The law of 1642 did not require attendance of school, but did require certain obligations from parents regarding their children's education. This law set a strong precedent with regards to education in the colonies, particularly in New England....

The Primer was the first true textbook regularly used in schools across New England. It served as both an elementary text on writing, spelling, pronunciation, etc., as well as a Biblical supplement for the young Puritan children, containing many simplified moral themes to aid in shaping their upbringing.

Regarded as perhaps the greatest piece of colonial American literature, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is an allegory intended to lead young men on the righteous path to heaven. It was one of the most read works, both by children and adults, in the colonial period.

Books

Link

Related Content