Creative Destruction

Economist Joseph Schumpeter coined the term "creative destruction" to describe the evolutionary process in an economy in which new ideas, processes, equipment, products, technologies, skills and jobs are constantly destroying old ones. The process occurs because the new are more efficient and cost effective than the old. Adopting the new promotes wealth creation and holding onto the old prevents wealth creation.

It is often hard to give up the old, especially for politicians. No one likes seeing a proud steel mill worker of 28 years laid off because the steel mill was able to introduce a new labor saving machine or a new, cheaper transportation option that made it less costly to ship steel from overseas. But if we protect the old jobs against new innovations, we prevent the creation of wealth that would potentially create even more new jobs.

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"Capitalism, then, is by nature a form or method of economic change and not only never is but never can be stationary. ... The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers, goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates.  ...The opening...

Quotes on "creative destruction" by Joseph Schumpeter and other leading economists.

Commentary or Blog Post

"Capitalism works by 'creative destruction." They’re happy with the creative part. But they can’t bear the destruction. Ireland’s biggest banks go broke? No way! America’s leading housing lender in Chapter 7? We can’t let that happen!'"
The idea that globalization will produce a bland McWorld is a myth. By spreading products, ideas and art forms around the planet, international capitalism serves as a powerful engine of cultural diversity.

"'Can capitalism survive? No. I do not think it can.' Thus opens Schumpeter’s prologue to a section of his 1942 book, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. One might think, on the basis of the quote, that Schumpeter was a Marxist. But the analysis that led Schumpeter to his conclusion differed totally from Karl Marx’s. Marx believed that capitalism would be destroyed by its enemies (...

In an economy suffering from an inflation-induced boom, too many of the wrong kinds of jobs get created, then the bust comes and destroys them, leaving us with high unemployment.

"If capitalism was the most influential single economic and social force of the 20th century (and continuing today), there is no better guide to understanding its power and complexity than famed economist Joseph Schumpeter, says Harvard Business School's Thomas K. McCraw. 'I think Schumpeter is the most penetrating analyst of capitalism who ever lived. He saw things other people didn't see...

One of the most pernicious fallacies in popular economic discussions is that we should adopt policies designed to save jobs.

"We are now living, it is said, in the Age of Schumpeter. The Age of Who? That's economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950). A half century ago, he published his classic 'Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy': a book admired by economists, sometimes assigned in college and otherwise unknown. But Schumpeter was a powerful prophet, and he now offers dazzling insights into everything from the rise of...

"Adam Smith, make room: Joseph Schumpeter has come to Washington. Capital policy wonks may not yet be wearing Schumpeter ties, but the Harvard economist's ideas are cited by everyone from Federal Reserve chief Alan Greenspan to the warring parties in the Microsoft antitrust case.

Schumpeter argued that capitalism exists in the state of ferment he dubbed 'creative destruction,' with...

"The economy’s not going to have a double dip. What we need is the creative side of the creative destruction."

Innovation
Timothy Sandefur
The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics

Sandefur gives a brief overview of what innovation is and its important role in creative destruction. He gives some examples of why innovation is often opposed, what is needed to allow innovation to run its course, and...

Out with old, in with those who don't get creative destruction
Kevin Maney, USA Today, 8/27/2002

A waggish article that helps explain not all destruction is creative.  While many see creative destruction in the dot-com and telecom industry collapse, the collapse...

Joseph A. Schumpeter on "Creative Destruction"
From Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1975) [orig. pub. 1942], pp. 82-85:

A short excerpt from Capitalism, Socialism and...

The Churn: The Paradox of Progress
W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 1992 Annual Report

Job creation and job destruction are intertwined. They are both key elements in the process through which a society raises its living standards. Societies that deny the churn by...

Analysis Report White Paper

Innovations that stimulate general economic growth simultaneously destroy specific jobs as emerging technologies replace older technologies.
The Internet is redistributing the news audience in a way that is pressuring some traditional news organizations.
The intellectual and political assaults on the welfare states of affluent societies are one half of a process of what Joseph Schumpeter calls “'creative destruction'.” The other half is the social construction of the idea and reality of the global information society.
The discomfort that innovation generates has led many people to condemn it outright or to try to regulate it.
An analysis of the process of creative destruction across 24 countries and 2-digit industries over the past decade.

Microeconomic Evidence of Creative Destruction in Industrial and Developing Countries
Eric Bartelsman, John C. Haltiwanger and Stefano Scarpetta
The World Bank,
WPS 3464
October 2004

In this technical economics paper, the authors provide an analysis of the process of creative...

Creative Destruction and Development: Institutions, Crises and Restructuring
Ricardo J Caballero and Mohamad L. Hammour
June 20, 2000

There is increasing empirical evidence that creative destruction, driven by experimentation and the adoption of new products and processes when investment is sunk, is a...

 

Productivity Dynamics: U.S. Manufacturing Plants, 1972-1986
Bartelsman, Eric J., and Phoebus J. Dhrymes
Discussion Paper 94-1
Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Federal Reserve Board
1994

Abstract:
"This paper presents an analysis of the dynamics of total factor...

OECD Economic Outlook No. 69, Chapter VII. Productivity and Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Microdata
Sanghoon Ahn
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
June 28, 2001

This Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) publication finds that firm entry and exit play a...

Video/Podcast/Media

Entire speech available here.

"News Corporation Chairman Rupert Murdoch discusses how rapidly changing technologies have impacted news and entertainment media, and have made audiences more diverse and difficult-to-reach than ever before.

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Media mogul...

News Corporation Chairman Rupert Murdoch discusses how rapidly changing technologies have impacted news and entertainment media, and have made audiences more diverse and difficult-to-reach than ever before.
Russell Roberts describes how creative destruction works in America's economy and how it has benefited us.

Primary Document

"Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) was an Austrian-American economist and political scientist. He popularized the term 'creative destruction' in economics. Schumpeter's most popular book in English is probably Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. This book opens with a treatment of Karl Marx. While he is sympathetic to Marx's theory that capitalism will collapse and will be replaced by...

Jon Leibowitz, Chairman of the 2009 FTC News Media Workshop, discusses the important role of journalism and the changing industry coming about because of the internet, as a result of creative destruction.

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