Education Reform: School Choice

Choices. All of us make many of them each day without even thinking about it. However, some choices need much more deliberation due to the nature of the situation and the impact on those involved. One of these important choices has to do with childhood education and the environment in which it is performed.

School choice is a heavily debated topic that has advocates and opponents throughout the political spectrum. More and more, school choice is seen as a social justice issue. The proponents of school choice generally believe that parents should have the right to choose where their child will be educated without having to be penalized for not choosing their assigned public school. School choice supporters also believe that more education options will infuse new life and excellence into public schools as teachers and schools compete for students.

On the other hand, school choice opponents claim that choice options will drain resources from public schools, cause the disadvantaged to be pushed aside, and defy the establishment clause of the Constitution. According to many in this camp, the research demonstrating the effectiveness of school choice has been skewed to favor a specific ideological agenda.

This collection of pieces will focus mainly on the arguments offered by supporters of school choice, and will thus describe types of school choice, research demonstrating its effectiveness, personal testimonies, and much more.

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At Intellectual Takeout, we think it's about time freedom went viral. Before our generation is the opportunity to embrace freedom, to unleash each individual's potential, and to have a prosperous future. And yet it seems that almost everyone running our cities, states, and federal government is intent on destroying freedom and burying us in debt to pay for it. If you, like us, believe that...
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Sure, the idea of homeschooling is likely overwhelming. Indeed, homeschooling is a big commitment and a lot of work. That said, there's a reason why more and more parents are turning to homeschooling as the best option for their child(ren)'s education(s). Perhaps you are starting to realize that the public school system has changed a lot since you last attended it. Maybe you can't afford private...
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On Campus

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Commentary or Blog Post

This article explains how virtual schools provide a wonderful school choice alternative to those who are nervous about homeschooling, cannot afford a private school, and are unsatisfied with their local public school options....

Writing as a liberal opponent of the school choice voucher idea, Anrig produces a piece claiming their ill-effectiveness and demise. Anrig dismisses research commonly used by conservatives to support school choice, declaring that the results are minuscule and fail to provide a credible...

"Very high rates of family breakdown in the United States are subtracting from what very large numbers of students are learning in school—besides holding them back in many other ways.

This in turn is damaging the country economically, by making us less hospitable to innovation while also leaving millions of Americans less competitive in an increasingly demanding worldwide marketplace....

"Tradeoffs are an incurable part of reality. Unfortunately, many school choice supporters like to believe that there are no tradeoffs between school choice policies; public and private school choice, targeted or restricted, big or small, voucher or tax credits, it’s all choice and it’s all good. But some good things are better than others. And most things have some mix of positive and negative...

In a quick rebuttal to Greg Anrig's piece, which touts the failure of the voucher system, Chester Finn points out that vouchers would be more effective if they were...

"It should anger black Americans that, for decades, government at all levels has denied black parents and their children the opportunity to pursue a quality education at the school of their choice, all in the name of politics. Generations of young black people are condemned to lives of desperation and hopelessness through the failure of our school system.

...

According to Carbone, school choice gives parents "the greatest chance to find the best educational opportunities for their children." This piece briefly explains three school choice options - charter schools, educational tax credits, and tuition assistance...

"Only 42 percent of Americans polled in the latest Phi Delta Kappa International/Gallup Poll say they are in favor of vouchers. Yet the same poll reports 57 percent of Americans say they would use full-tuition vouchers, if they were available, to enroll their children in private schools.

...

PDK/Gallup Poll

The 36th annual 'PDK/Gallup Poll of the Public's...

This document finds the Home School Legal Defense Association - an organization one would think to be strongly in favor of school choice - vigorously rejecting the voucher idea. The basis for this rejection stems from the belief that vouchers would increase both the burden on taxpayers and...

This study contains careful research regarding the effects school choice competition has on public schools. Hoxby specifically studied schools in Arizona, Milwaukee, and Michigan, and from this research concluded that "critics of school choice have grossly underestimated the public school...

In Adam Schaeffer's mind, school choice has a much better chance of succeeding with education tax credits than with vouchers. This is due to the fact that tax credits receive broader, "bipartisan" support from those who generally oppose allowing the government to have greater influence in private...

The NEA's take on school choice voucher programs is decidedly negative, for they contend that vouchers are costly, ineffective, and have low public support. This article offers an interesting look at how the mainstream public school system interprets the data and research available on school choice.

This article finds Adam Schaeffer presenting the idea that school choice tax credits are a better option than vouchers. Schaeffer believes that tax credit programs are easier to defend in courts, have many financial contributors, and "preserve the autonomy of independent schools." This article also...

Written from the viewpoint of a Berkeley law professor, this opinion piece argues that liberals are on the wrong track when they oppose school choice. Sugarman endorses charter schools and voucher programs on the grounds that they would help the lower income class escape the failing...

"Last year we saw an unprecedented wave of new school choice programs launch across the country. These hard-won political victories for the choice movement also consolidated important improvements in program design. Following 20 years of heated debate, new programs reflect a growing sophistication regarding the design and implementation of school choice policies."

"While the education film Waiting For Superman has moving profiles of students struggling to succeed under difficult circumstances, it puts forward a sometimes misleading and other times dishonest account of the roots of the problem and possible solutions. The amped-up rhetoric of crisis and failure everywhere is being used to promote business-model...

"Pop Quiz: What’s the best education policy a moderate politician in Virginia can pursue?

1. Vouchers

2. Charter Schools

3. Education Tax Credits

Conventional wisdom says go with charter schools, because they are a...

Citing a variety of education vouchers that liberals have wholeheartedly supported - such as the G.I. Bill and Pell Grant - Dan Lips wonders why liberals are so opposed to offering school vouchers to students in grades K-12. According to Lips, "a widespread change of heart in the Democratic...

"President Bush wants to help kids in failing public schools. That's good. He wants to do it by giving them federal vouchers to attend private schools. That's bad.

The president is right to favor parental choice and competition between schools. Educational freedom has a long and illustrious history reaching all the way back to...

Chart or Graph

The data in this chart shows the education choices of the members of the 111th United States Congress, Democrats and Republicans in general, as well as members of specific committees in particular.

"[A]chievement improved in Michigan public schools faced with significant competition. As shown in Figure 2, their scores climbed by 2.4 scale points more per year in 4th grade reading and 2.5 scale points more per year in 4th grade math (4th grade is, again, the only elementary grade in which Michigan administers a statewide test). These improvements are above and...

Caroline Hoxby's "Rising Tide" article studies the effects school choice competition has on public school achievement. Her research consistently shows that school choice options increase the achievement levels of the children left behind in public schools. This particular graph demonstrates how test scores in Arizona public schools affected by charter competition rose more...

This graph shows what percentage of the members of Congress send their children to public and private school. The graph points out that while many members of congress deny lower income families school choice options, they themselves practice school choice by sending their children to private schools.

This chart compares race relations between public and private schools. Private school students across the board believe that fights between members of different racial groups happen less frequently than public school students.

"In 1999, Florida enacted far-reaching K–12 education reform that includes public and private school choice, charter schools, virtual education, performance-based pay for teachers, grading of schools and districts, annual tests, curbing social promotion, and alternative teacher certification.

The gap between Hispanic students in...

"In 1999, Florida enacted far-reaching K–12 education reform that includes public and private school choice, charter schools, virtual education, performance-based pay for teachers, grading of schools and districts, annual tests, curbing social promotion, and alternative teacher certification.

Chart 1 presents achievement gap data...

This chart details the demographics of people who took a survey regarding their opinion on what type of school they would send their child to in an ideal world. A majority of respondents to the survey would rather have their children educated in a non-public school.

This chart compiles a variety of surveys on parental satisfaction with choice or public schools in several different cities. The numbers indicate that there is a much higher level of satisfaction with choice schools than with public schools.

"The Friedman Foundation has released another in their invaluable series of state education polls, this time for once-purple Virginia. Their findings are consistent with other polls, and the pattern is worth highlighting. Charter schools draw 59 percent in support and 26...

"No matter how the question is worded, tax credits elicit higher levels of support than do school vouchers (see Figure 9). A solid majority of the public as a whole, and a plurality of every subgroup, support education tax credits for low- and moderate-income parents who send their children to private schools. African Americans register the highest levels of...

This chart shows the multiple studies done on the effect voucher programs have on public school achievement. This chart points out that "No empirical study anywhere in the U.S. has ever found that public schools had worse outcomes when exposed to school choice, and a large body of research finds that the healthy competition from school choice actually makes public...

"Studies using random assignment, the gold standard of social science, consistently find that students using school vouchers have higher academic achievement than students who applied for vouchers but lost a random lottery and did not receive them."

"As shown in Figure 1, 4th-grade math scores rose by about 7 percentile points per year in the most-treated schools, 5 percentile points per year in the less-treated schools, and just 4 percentile points in the control schools. Social-studies scores in the most-treated schools rose by 4.2 percentile points per year, while in control schools the scores rose by only...

This chart shows how many members of congress attended public and private schools, by both absolute amount and relative percentage.

In his article "Polls Show Vouchers Are Popular and Would Be Widely Used," George Clowes insinuates that many parents would be happy to have the opportunity to use a school choice voucher. Clowes reports that "the question posed by the Gallup pollsters asked respondents to suppose they had a school-age child and a full-tuition voucher for use at any public, private, or church-related school....

Analysis Report White Paper

"This report collects the results of all available empirical studies using the best available
scientific methods to measure how school vouchers affect academic outcomes for participants, and all available studies on how vouchers affect outcomes in public schools. Contrary to the widespread claim that vouchers do not benefit participants and hurt public schools, the empirical evidence...

Providing many charts, graphs, and grading scales, this paper studies the availability and workability of school choice in each of the fifty states. In addition to this work, Michael Van Winkle provides information on the types of school choice options, including charter schools, magnet...

"An education gap between white students and their black and Hispanic peers is something to which most Americans have become accustomed. But this racial division of education—and hence of prospects for the future— is nothing less than tragic.

The good news is that the racial divide in learning is a problem that can be fixed. Of...

Frederick Hess takes a look at how effective school choice policies have really been in the last several decades. Hess cites research that calls into question the effectiveness of vouchers and charter schools, believing that these school choice methods have had plenty of time to prove...

This study establishes a set of criteria on which to evaluate the 13 prominent school choice programs in the United States, and then assigns a letter grade to each according to their choice-friendly rating. The report contains a helpful, side by side comparison chart of the various programs,...

This lengthy report documents how media and other opponents of school choice have engaged in a campaign to discredit the movement. Fuller and Caire give many examples of misstatements and omissions by school choice opponents, as well as the factual realities concerning this subject that the...

"This study presents new findings comparing public and private high schools using top-quality data from the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS), a long-term research project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education. The ELS project tracks individual data on thousands of students, allowing researchers to conduct much better analyses than are possible with school...

"The most frequently asked questions about school choice are: Do public schools respond constructively to competition induced by school choice, by raising their own productivity? Does students’ achievement rise when they attend voucher or charter schools? Do voucher and charter schools end up with a selection of the better students ('cream-skim')?

...

"Ten Principles of School Choice" provides readers with a detailed and understandable guide to the issues involved with school choice. Listing such familiar ideas as vouchers and competition, this document also argues that school choice will enable more...

"Americans clearly have had their fill of a sluggish economy and an unpopular
war. Their frustration now may also extend to public education. In this, the
second annual national survey of U.S. adults conducted under the auspices
of Education Next and the Program on Education Policy and Governance (PEPG) at
Harvard University, we observe a public that takes an...

This piece contains extensive details concerning the financial effects of a school choice tax credit program. Coulson and Cotet carefully explain how they arrived at their findings, while strongly advancing their belief that tax credits for school choice will greatly reduce education costs. This document...

This piece explains the background behind school choice's landmark Supreme Court case, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, and also demonstrates why this case received a more positive ruling than previous cases on the subject. Gryphon discusses the effects this decision has on the potential growth of school...

"This statistically representative survey of 1,203 likely Virginia voters illustrates public opinion on a wide range of K-12 education issues. The underlying purpose of the Friedman Foundation’s state surveys is to measure voter knowledge and attitudes toward public institutions and policies, innovative ideas, and the state’s K-12 education system.

...

This factsheet, provided by The Heritage Foundation, countains bullet-point style information regarding the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship program.

Video/Podcast/Media

"Diane Ravitch of NYU talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about the ideas in her new book, The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How Testing and Choice Are Undermining Education. Ravitch argues that the two most popular education reform...

This podcast is a discussion on the issue of school choice, and whether voucher programs and privatization of education is actually enough to improve America's educational system.

This panel discussion combines a variety of opinions on school choice. Some of the topics discussed include vouchers, charters, special education, status of the poor in education, and future ideas for choice.

"Nearly two decades after the first modern school voucher program was enacted in Milwaukee,...

As a single mother of a special needs child, Andrea Weck describes her own personal experience with school choice. Due to Arizona's scholarship and voucher program, Weck's daughter has been able to begin to overcome her disabilities, but the efforts of teacher unions and the ACLU to abolish school choice threaten to end those gains. This video deals with the social justice aspect of school...

"The president says he wants to do 'what's best for kids.' So why won't he save a proven program that helps low-income students?

The program is wildly popular with parents and children—there are four applicants for every available slot—and a recent Department of Education study found that participants do significantly better than their public school peers. Indeed, after three years...

"Should the future of lower-income children be determined by their ZIP codes? By public school bureaucrats? 

Reason.tv Editor in Chief Nick Gillespie sat down with Madeline Sackler, director of the critically acclaimed documentary, The Lottery, which follows four students in New York vying for a coveted slot at Harlem Success Academy. Entry to the...

"Andrew Coulson, director of the Center for Education Freedom at the Cato Institute, believes giving businesses tax credits for sending kids to private school is the most effective way to expand school choice. The regulatory and legal obstacles to charters schools and vouchers, he argues, present too many hassles to work around.

Reason.tv sat down with...

"An introduction to school choice featuring John Stossel."

"As chancellor of New York City's Department of Education from 2002-2010, Joel Klein oversaw dramatic changes to the largest school system in the country. He worked hard to increase choice and accountability by increasing the autonomy and accountability of principals and championing charter schools. He also fought (with mixed success) to make it easier to hire and...

"Let Me Rise– a 30-minute film produced by The Heritage Foundation about the school choice debate in our nation’s capital and around the country – offers a compelling look at the future of the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program as told through the voices of the children whose educational futures continue to hang in the balance. The film features the personal stories and perspectives of...

"Excerpts from an interview with Hillsdale College President Larry Arnn on May 22, 2006 in which Milton explains the dynamics involved when parents are empowered to select the best educational option for their children."

"Parents, Community leaders gather to send a message to the Chicago Board of Education. They say they want more school choice options."

"Teachers punished for speaking out. Principals fired for trying to do the right thing. Union leaders defending the indefensible. Bureaucrats blocking new charter schools. These are just some of the people we meet in The Cartel. The film also introduces us to teens who can't read, parents desperate for change, and teachers struggling to launch stable...

"John Stossel, Walter E Williams and Thomas Sowell comment on how market forces can improve education in America."

In a testimony before the Minnesota House Education Finance committee, Minneapolis school board member Alberto Monserrate declares that charter schools and vouchers generally do not solve the education problems that Minnesota faces.

"In dealing with the press, Mayor Rahm Emanuel often tries to emulate his former boss, President Barack Obama. But Emanuel can’t match Obama’s calm demeanor.

In fact Emanuel’s temper can get the best of him. I found out yesterday when I asked him a question about where his children would go to school, and he let his famous temper emerge."

Primary Document

This hearing contains testimony on school choice from school superintendents such as Lisa Graham Keegan and Spence Korte, Institute for Justice Vice President Clint Bolick, and a parent from the Milwaukee school district. These witnesses advocate for...

"The DC School Choice Incentive Act of 2003 established the first federally funded private school voucher program in the United States, providing scholarships of up to $7,500 for low-income residents of the District of Columbia to send their children to local participating private schools. The law also mandated that the Department conduct an independent, rigorous evaluation of what is now...

Friedman, one of the original proponents and ideologues of the school choice voucher system, calmly presents his rationale concerning the need for school choice. Using the free enterprise grocery system to illustrate his point, Friedman demonstrates the ridiculousness of not allowing an...

This transcript contains President Obama's ambitions for American education. The speech demonstrates Obama's opinions on school choice issues, particularly charter schools and vouchers.

In an appearance before the Senate Education Committee, Brooke Terry presents the great need for special education scholarships in Texas. Terry argues for school choice by citing the success of the McKay Scholarship program in Florida, while also demonstrating...

Executive Summary:


"The District of Columbia School Choice Incentive Act of 2003, passed by Congress in January 2004, established the first federally funded, private school voucher program in the United States. As part of this legislation, Congress mandated a rigorous evaluation of the impacts of the Program, now called the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program (OSP). This...

This document presents many of the original arguments for school choice and the voucher system. Coming from an economist's perspective, Milton Friedman suggests that "denationalization of education" would be beneficial to parents, children, and society. The laws of supply and demand,...

"Most persons agree that children need the protection of the law against potential abuse by parents. But evidence shows that only a small minority of parents turn out to be delinquent. In practice it is very seldom indeed that governments remove children from their family home. At the end of the 1980s fewer than two children per 10,000 below the age of 18 were...

In 2002 the United States Supreme Court determined the constitutionality of Ohio's voucher program. This document contains Chief Justice William Rehnquist's majority opinion in favor of allowing the voucher program to continue, while also recording the dissenting opinions of several other members of...

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